Sampling swabs for detection of African swine fever
African swine fever is a slowly spreading contact infectious disease, which requires certain conditions to be present from window period infection to systemic infection (viremia), and the longer window period presented also provides a preventive and control moment for the decontamination of African swine fever. Among them, salivological detection of African swine fever virus is one of the most important methods to achieve early decontamination and its use is recommended to be promoted.
Localized infection in the oral cavity is also an important time for the window period detection of African swine fever, which is an important guarantee to realize the principle of infectious disease control "early, fast, strict and small". It is important to explore the salivary detection method of African swine fever for scientific guidance and production practice.
1) Collection of saliva samples: Obtaining fresh saliva samples is one of the prerequisites for accurate diagnosis. The existing nasal swab (nasalswab) sampling, oral swab (oralswab) sampling and anal swab (analswab) sampling have problems of sample obsolescence, easy drying of samples and high leakage rate, and have been gradually eliminated.
2) Half-life of pathogens in saliva samples: Saliva is rich in enzymes with activity. The enzyme content varies greatly depending on the health status of the organism, which leads to different lengths of pathogen half-life (half-lifeperiod) in saliva, ranging from 2 to 3 days for African swine fever virus to 1 to 2 hours for the shorter ones. The presence of pathogenic half-life is one of the important factors leading to a slightly higher rate of missed detection of African swine fever virus in salivary science.
3) Nucleic acid protection of saliva samples: adding the appropriate amount of sample protectant (SampleProtesis) before collecting saliva samples can prolong the pathogen half-life and maintain saliva activity, and saliva samples containing the protectant can be transported and stored refrigerated/freezing.
4) Saliva sample testing requirements: The collected saliva samples should be clear, transparent and should not contain food residues, so it is important to stop eating before sampling, in principle, it is required to stop eating for more than 12 hours. Nucleic acid in saliva containing protective fluid can be detected by the concentrationmethod, i.e., centrifugation of saliva and sampling at the bottom of the test tube.
5) Requirements of the kit for saliva sample detection: As the infection of African swine fever virus in the oral cavity is often in the initial stage, the pathogenic nucleic acid content is relatively low (CT value is between 25 and 30, while the CT value of saliva samples without protective fluid is often above 32), the sensitivity of the kit for African swine fever virus nucleic acid detection is required to be high, and it is required to achieve single copy detection as far as possible. singlecopy) detection.
6) Disposal of positive results: For positive results of African swine fever (+) in saliva testing, there are two disposal options. One is to strictly eliminate ("pull out the teeth", stampout) positive pigs to achieve clean production. The second is to control the movement of positive pigs and try to implement early with-virus production (localized infection rather than viremia) to eventually achieve decontamination production.
Many pig breeding scientists simply understand that production with virus can be carried in blood is very dangerous and absolutely forbidden. Only by controlling the local infection can we have the possibility to purify the pig herd and eliminate the virus carrying status.
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